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The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer; the Art of Controversy, by Arthur Schopenhauer
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This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers. You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery.
- Published on: 2012-05-16
- Released on: 2012-05-16
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) elabore dans sa jeunesse un systeme philosophique dont il explore les consequences dans le domaine de la morale et de la religion. Il passe l essentiel de sa vie a son discours.
Most helpful customer reviews
45 of 46 people found the following review helpful.
Essential reading for debaters
By Jill Malter
Anyone who is interested in debating a topic simply has to read Schopenhauer's "The Art of Controversy" and pay particular attention to his "38 stratagems."
You'll find out about sophisms ex homonymia. And special pleading (if I do it, it's cool, if you do it, it's tacky). You'll see links in a chain of reasoning omitted. And false premises, and omitted premises. And non sequiturs (omitted chains). Suppressed majors. Negated minors. Argumentum ad ignorantiam. Question-begging (sticking your conclusion into a premise).
There is advice about false generalizations. Get your opponent to admit that your examples are true. Do not ask about the validity of the general case, but later act as if this has been admitted as well.
Then there are "false choice" arguments, where you pretend that the only alternative to your policy is some manifestly crazy "straw-man" counterplan. And there are false reductio ad absurdums and false counterexamples. There are also suggestive questions, such as asking why something is true, when it may not be true at all.
There are hidden judgments, as anyone will discover when she calls a city by its name in one language as opposed to another.
A very important stratagem is argumentum ad auditores (this ought to be illegal in a debate). Here, you simply make an argument that you and your opponent know full well is totally invalid, hoping to win over your audience. If your audience is a mob, it is called argumentum ad captandum.
You'll learn to blitz your opponent by talking fast (and maybe especially softly or loudly as well). And to extend your opponent's propositions, exaggerate them, and make them absolute.
If you think your opponent has a potentially strong but unusual counter to what you are about to propose, get her to admit the opposite of it before you start your main argument (advice from Aristotle). Try to ask it so that a "no" answer is the one you want. Never tell an opponent that you have won an argument. You do not want to hear her reply. Address victory claims only to the audience.
I've used plenty of Latin here. That's a good idea in general; it makes you look wise even though you are just another plebeian. Don't say "No way!" Say "Non possumus."
You'll learn that the line "That is all very good in theory, but it would never work in practice" is in fact a famous sophism.
And there is much more in this terrific essay. Perhaps the most interesting advice is this. If an opponent comes up with some captious sophistry, try to dispose of her ex concessis rather than ad rem. That is, come up with something just as silly as her nonsense (as long as it is something she can't or won't refute). After all, you are seeking victory, not truth! Schopenhauer assures us that this works better.
I'd be more than a little reluctant to follow this last bit of advice, but I truly enjoyed The Art of Controversy.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
interesting essays
By Mei
The review by Jill Malter on this Amazon-site is excellent, so I will only add a few things to it. This Kindle edition that Amazon offers (or maybe does not offer anymore?) for free is the 1896 translation of T. Bailey Saunders, the printed edition is 88 pages long (Kindle: 1136 locations) so it can be read in an evening. This book is in the public domain and can be downloaded for free from several sites on the web. Part of the essay on The Art of Controversy was published in Schopenhauer's lifetime, in 'Parerga and Paralipomen' (1851).
Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher who lived from 1788-1860; he was influenced among others by Plato and Immanuel Kant, and in his turn influenced Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Thomas Mann and others. Schopenhauers work is known for its pessimistic views and beautifully written essays. If you like reading philosophy -or would like to try it- then I can recommend reading some of Schopenhauers essays.
This volume contains 4 essays plus the work of Schopenhauer on how to win an argument ( original title: 'Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten'); this long essay of app. 90 pages in print has a difficult introduction, which can be skipped, and 38 tricks which are very handy to know! You wont have to wait long before you will recognise people and politicians using these tricks, so very handy to understand.
The contents of this book is:
CONTENTS.
THE ART OF CONTROVERSY--
1. PRELIMINARY: LOGIC AND DIALECTIC
2. THE BASIS OF ALL DIALECTIC
3. STRATAGEMS
ON THE COMPARATIVE PLACE OF INTEREST AND BEAUTY IN WORKS OF ART
PSYCHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
ON THE WISDOM OF LIFE: APHORISMS
GENIUS AND VIRTUE
As a sample of this 'The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer; the Art of Controversy' I copy two bits from this book:
1) The 38th 'trick' of how to win an argument (page 50 of 88, location 486 on Kindle):
A last trick is to become personal, insulting, rude, as soon as you
perceive that your opponent has the upper hand, and that you are going
to come off worst. It consists in passing from the subject of dispute,
as from a lost game, to the disputant himself, and in some way
attacking his person. It may be called the _argumentum ad personam_,
to distinguish it from the _argumentum ad hominem_, which passes
from the objective discussion of the subject pure and simple to the
statements or admissions which your opponent has made in regard to it.
But in becoming personal you leave the subject altogether, and turn
your attack to his person, by remarks of an offensive and spiteful
character. It is an appeal from the virtues of the intellect to the
virtues of the body, or to mere animalism. This is a very popular
trick, because every one is able to carry it into effect; and so it
is of frequent application. Now the question is, What counter-trick
avails for the other party? for if he has recourse to the same rule,
there will be blows, or a duel, or an action for slander.
2) Part of the last chapter (Genius and Virtue), from page 87 of 88 (Kindle: location 1126 of 1136):
It is the curse of the genius that in the same measure in which others
think him great and worthy of admiration, he thinks them small and
miserable creatures. His whole life long he has to suppress this
opinion; and, as a rule, they suppress theirs as well. Meanwhile, he
is condemned to live in a bleak world, where he meets no equal, as it
were an island where there are no inhabitants but monkeys and parrots.
Moreover, he is always troubled by the illusion that from a distance a
monkey looks like a man.
[...]
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Essential guide to uncover falacy or simple lies on discourse.
By Critical gamer
This is a very detailed and inspired essay on dialectical tecniques, to lie on oral discurses, essential work to uncover liars. Read, study and never be fooled again! The best way to win a debate is to be on the side of truth, if not, here is the tricks, read and be on the right side.
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