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Turkey: a Past and a Future, by Arnold Joseph Toynbee
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This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers. You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery.
- Published on: 2012-05-16
- Released on: 2012-05-16
- Format: Kindle eBook
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Good
By KLenox
Good book.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
despite Toynbee's best scholarly instincts
By K. D. Mckinney
Toynbee was deservedly one of the most prominent historians of the early twentieth century, and one of the reasons for that was his lively, vivid, and engaging writing. This book demonstrates that strength amply. However, its interest and utility is lessened by time and context: while most readers will most likely be looking for a history of Turkey, this book is more an extended political pamphlet. As such, it suffers from the assumption (no longer valid) that references to then-current events need not be explained.
Moreover, the time of writing is somewhat unfortunate--this volume dates from 1917. The First World War was grinding along, and Turkey and England were at war--a circumstance that colors the narrative, despite Toynbee's best scholarly instincts. Worse, the outcome of that war and its sequel drastically altered everything connected with Turkey, rendering this book rather dated. It becomes, in a sense, 'mere prelude.'
In a way, that becomes almost a virtue, in that Toynbee's pamphlet vividly illustrates for the reader how different modern Turkey is from the Ottoman empire which was, so to speak, its 'root stock.' Read from that perspective, its brevity--a drawback for the reader looking for a full picture of Turkish history, who will be disappointed by this volume--becomes a virtue, and "Turkey: a Past and a Future" becomes a startling illustration of a nation on the verge of transformative change.
5 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Three stars, But you have to be Brave
By Wendy Parker
I chose this book off of Amazon.com when I first began to study Turkey, and my reason for choosing it was... I could download it to my Kindle for Free. While my efforts to exactly identify when it was written have failed (the Amazon hard copy says it was published in 2010), I suspect it was in the early 1950s. The book is very dated, written in a heavy academic style that presupposes a whole body of historical and regional knowledge I don't have, and it is sometimes surprisingly, I might even go so far as to say shockingly, politically incorrect. I would have given up reading it, but it was also very SHORT, and I found I was getting through it so quickly, that what I was able to gain was worth it.
Here's a hint at what you're in for via the very first two sentences of the book: "What is Turkey? It is a name which explains nothing, for no formula can embrace the variety of the countries marked "Ottoman" on the map: the High Yemen, with its monsoons and tropical cultivation; the tilted rim of the Hedjaz, one desert in a desert zone that stretches from the Sahara to Mongolia; the Mesopotamian rivers, breaking the desert with a strip of green; the pine-covered mountain terraces of Kurdistan, which gird in Mesopotamia as the hills of the North West Frontier of India gird the Plains; the Armenian highlands, bleak as the Pamirs, which feed Mesopotamia with their snows and send it the soil they cannot keep themselves; the Anatolian peninsula--an offshoot of Central Europe with its rocks and fine timber and mountain streams, but nursing a steppe in its heart more intractable than the...." oops. The page ended... but the sentence goes on. What are "the Pamirs" anyway?
A shockingly politically incorrect disparagement of the Turkish people came through loud and clear in a section about the Armenian persecutions. The book quotes a German teacher who taught in Aleppo and who resigned in protest in 1915. "The Young Turk is afraid of the Christian nationalities--Armenians, Syrians and Greeks--on account of their cultural and economic superiority... they must therefore be exterminated or converted to Islam by force. The Turks do not suspect that in so doing they are sawing off the branch on which they are sitting themselves.... The Turks, the least gifted of the races living in Turkey, are themselves only a minority of the population, and are still far behind the Arabs in culture....We teachers, who have been teaching Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, Turks, and Jews in German schools in Turkey for years, can only pass judgment that of all our pupils the pure Turks are the most unwilling and the least talented."
Whoa there. Imagine finding anything like that in a book written in the last twenty years! I wonder what said German teacher would say about that passage if he could be consulted today? As someone unfamiliar with Turkey and the Turks, I'm afraid I need to approach such dated opinions with caution. How interesting to read them in this dusty book!
A "German authority" is cited to back up some of these opinions: "The extermination of the Armenian population means not only the loss of from 10 to 25 per cent of the total population of Anatolia, but what is more serious, the elimination of those elements in the population which are most highly developed economically and have the greatest capacity for civilisation...." As one with only a passing knowledge of the horrible history of this part of the world, this book provided interesting insights, but I feel like I have to be cautious, given the extremely racist opinions, in adopting too much without balancing with other input.
The book did shed valuable light on the relationship between Turkey and Germany, which I vaguely knew existed and which I now understand better (though as the quote above demonstrates, I'll need to bring some other sources to bear before feeling confident about what I've learned). The author writes: "Germany's control over Turkey depends upon the maintenance of a corrupt minority in power--too weak and corrupt to remain in it without Germany's guarantee, and corrupt enough, when secured in it, to put it at Germany's disposal." He quotes a Dr. Rohrbach: "We have set beore ourselves the necessary and legiimate aim of spreading and enrooting German influence in Turkey, not only by military missions and the construciton of railways, but also by the establishment of intellectual relations, by the work of German Kultur--in a word, by moral conquests; and we are determined, by pacific means, to reach an amicable understanding with the Turks and the other nations in the Turkish Empire. Our ulterior object in this is to strenthen the Turkish Empire internally with the aid of German science, enducation, and training, and for this work the Armenians are indispensible."
Yet the author argues that because of Germany's dependence on controlling the Ottoman minority, which initiated the Armenian atrocities, the Germans would not intervene, allowing the masacres which they felt ruined the prosperity of the country because they were caught between a rock and a hard place in their own political machinations. The international community censured Germany for not intervening. Interesting insights.
So I give the book three stars. Hard to read. Maybe I'm just not smart enough. Might be worth revisiting when I've read other, more accessible histories of Turkey.
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